Given the importance of financing Small and Medium-Sized manufacturing companies in order to provide working capital and their profitability, this study has presented a mathematical model for financing these companies by factoring method in the supply chain. Factoring is one of the most important ways to finance in the business world, especially for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Therefore, considering the relationship between the enterprise and the bank, suppliers and buyers based on the integration of financial and physical flows in the supply chain, this research has financed the enterprise in the above-mentioned method. In order to analyze the validity of financing methods, goals, parameters and important variables in modeling, the perspective of experts based on the index of content validity ratio has been used. The goals of modeling are to maximize profits and achieve the desired liquidity in time periods, and in order to solve the model, goal programming has been used and in order to cover uncertainty conditions, interval programming has been used. Finally, the model was solved using GAMS software and CPLEX solver, and the results, in addition to proposing appropriate financial and physical flows in the supply chain, have proposed an appropriate factoring financing program to Small and Medium-Sized manufacturing Enterprises to provide the necessary liquidity in each period and increase profitability.

A credit transaction as a way of buying and selling goods and services, in which the price is not paid in cash,contains several risks for the seller. The risks of non-payment and bankruptcy of the buyer are the most important ones that could endanger the liquidity cycle and even life of the seller. The weight of the risk depends on the amount of capital and deals of companies. So, (SMEs) may harm more. Credit insurance is a common way of credit risk management which does not commonly used by the (SMEs), notwithstanding their fragility and requirement. In this article the ability and efficiency of credit insurance for management of credit risks of this Enterprises is examined. The authors consider that credit insurance could be one of the best methods of management of the risk for (SMEs).

Regarding the importance of Small & Medium Enterprises ((SMEs)) in economical and social growth process as well as the special attention of planners and policy-makers to this significant issue, it is necessary to take radical initiatives to improve the conditions of different Enterprises. In various studies, connoisseurs and researchers have found that unchallengeable treatment of making Small & Medium Enterprises ((SMEs)) more effective is to expand entrepreneurship culture in all stages/processes of such organizations and its necessity is the availability of mangers with entrepreneurial skills. In this article resulted from an organizational research, it is attempted to review the entrepreneurial skills and the literature of the organizational effectiveness in Small- to- medium businesses. Meanwhile, research methodology is explained and finally by considering research assumptions, research findings are analyzed by gathering the data of manufacturing units. Some suggestions are also provided to improve effectiveness in Iranian Small-to-medium business by emphasizing on managers' entrepreneurial skills development.

During the recent years, the role and the importance of the Small and medium Enterprises in developed countries and also in developing countries, has been increasing. Small and medium Enterprises are regarded among the most vital and fundamental units that are active in modern societies that by using correct programming and proposing supportive and supervising strategies over Small and medium Enterprises, not only we can solve a large portion of unemployment problem and providing job opportunities but also it helps increase national exports and production. Therefore in Iran in fall of 2005 the developing plan for economical early return and entrepreneur Enterprises, employment and increasing the new job opportunities was authorized by council of ministers and was executed in winter in the same year. So that in the current research, we studied the challenges of the Small and medium Enterprises of agricultural sector in Kurdistan province. Based on the research and library studies, field studies and interviews made with the people in charge of Small and medium Enterprises in Kurdistan province, the most important problems of Small and medium Enterprises were studied using questionnaires. Statistical research society includes the Small and medium Enterprises of Kurdistan province which were 6945 units in 2015. The study samples were 382 people which were selected based on random sampling. The results of statistical studies show that Small and medium Enterprises of Kurdistan province have many internal and external problems and challenges. Also the facilities and financial and non- financial supports of these Enterprises in the four fields of financial, technical, marketing and management were inadequate.

This study adopted a qualitative approach to investigate the obstacles faced by Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises ((SMEs)) in financing for their production activities. Through the utilization of the meta-synthesis method and a comprehensive review of 23 relevant articles, this research identified 57 factors categorized into 10 key dimensions that acted as barriers to financing. These dimensions encompassed aspects, such as financial infrastructure and accessibility, legal framework and political implications, information asymmetry and transparency, collateral requirements, asset-based financing, loan terms and conditions, credit assessment and risk perception, market dynamics and competition, technology advancements and digitalization, social and economic factors, regional inequalities, financing mechanisms, and innovations. By presenting a structured framework, this research aimed to enhance the comprehension of these challenges and provide potential solutions.Keywords: Financial Barriers to Business, Financial Barriers to Production, Business Financing, Small and Medium Businesses, Meta-Synthesis. IntroductionIn today's intricate global economic landscape, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises ((SMEs)) represent thriving sectors characterized by their innovation, dynamism, and growth potential. These Enterprises often hailed as the backbone of economies worldwide play a pivotal role in driving economic development, generating employment opportunities, and fostering technological advancements. However, despite their significant contributions, (SMEs) encounter a myriad of formidable challenges that impede their prosperity and hinder their optimal contribution to economic progress. From legal obligations and market competition to resource constraints and technological barriers, these businesses navigate a complex environment fraught with obstacles. Among the various hurdles they face, one of the most prominent one pertains to production financing, wherein (SMEs) encounter difficulties in accessing capital and securing adequate financial resources. Such barriers manifest in the form of stringent lending criteria imposed by financial institutions, information asymmetry and lack of transparency, restrictions on collateral, and exorbitant transaction costs. Consequently, these Enterprises grapple with limited budgetary options, thereby curtailing their growth prospects and impeding their capacity to innovate and compete in the market. This study endeavored to bridge the existing research gaps by conducting an in-depth examination of the barriers faced by (SMEs) in securing financing for production activities. The primary objective was to develop a comprehensive model for analyzing production financing barriers in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises. Such a model can serve as a valuable tool for policymakers, financial institutions, industry associations, and entrepreneurs alike, empowering them to formulate effective strategies aimed at overcoming these obstacles. Materials & MethodsThis study adopted a qualitative approach following the methodology proposed by Sandelowski and Barso (2007) for data collection. The methodology consisted of 7 steps, which involved formulating research questions, conducting a systematic literature review, selecting relevant studies, extracting information from the chosen studies, analyzing and synthesizing the findings, ensuring quality control, and presenting the outcomes. To conduct a comprehensive search, reliable databases were systematically queried using relevant keywords and phrases, such as "Small and medium businesses", "production financing", "financing barriers", and related terms. The search covered titles, abstracts, and keywords. Inclusion criteria were applied, including the selection of non-Persian qualitative papers published between 2014 and 2023 indexed in ISI or Scopus, as well as valid Persian articles published between 2013 and 2014. Initially, 282 articles were identified and after a rigorous selection process, 23 articles were chosen for the final analysis. To ensure validity, entry criteria, team meetings, expert opinions, and EndNote software were employed. Reliability was determined by critically evaluating and scoring the articles. Parameters, such as authors, publication year, research purpose, methodology, and findings, were considered during the evaluation process. Research FindingsCulmination of the meta-synthesis section yielded an analysis model illustrating the barriers to production financing in Small and Medium-Sized businesses. Being presented in Figure 1, this model encompassed the key findings of the research. Discussion & ConclusionThis study explored the financing challenges faced by Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises using a hybrid approach and identified 57 indicators across 10 key dimensions that acted as barriers to financing. The dimension of "financial infrastructure and access" encompassed challenges related to accessing financial institutions, banking services, and venture capital. Additionally, the study examined microfinance as an alternative avenue with its own possibilities and challenges. In the dimension of "legal environment and political consequences", barriers, such as legal transparency, compliance, administrative ease, and government support programs were discussed as they impacted the performance of (SMEs). The dimension of "information asymmetry and transparency" focused on challenges related to accessing information, transparency in lending practices, and disclosure requirements. The dimension of "collateral requirements and asset-based financing" addressed the complexities and challenges of evaluating and accepting collateral from (SMEs), including collateral policies, asset valuation methods, loan-to-value ratios, and non-traditional collateral acceptance criteria, which often posed difficulties for businesses with limited assets. The dimension of "loan terms and conditions" highlighted the challenges that (SMEs) encountered when seeking financing, including issues related to interest rates, loan duration, flexibility of repayment terms, and collateral requirements. The dimension of "credit assessment and risk understanding" encompassed challenges, such as credit score assessment, financial statement analysis, business viability assessment, and understanding market and economic conditions. The dimension of "market dynamics and competition" explored the diverse effects of market dynamics on the access of (SMEs) to financing, including factors, such as market structure, competitive landscape, industry concentration, market entry barriers, and impact of new technologies. The dimension of "technology developments and digitization" examined how technology and digital advancements were reshaping the financing landscape for (SMEs), including advancements in digital infrastructure, adoption of new financial technologies, and cybersecurity measures. The dimension of "economic and social factors and regional inequalities" addressed various challenges, including levels of economic development, income inequality, access to education, and infrastructure development. Lastly, the dimension of "alternative financing mechanisms and innovations" explored diverse avenues for (SMEs) to obtain financing. Peer-to-peer lending, crowdfunding platforms, and other innovative financing approaches provided these companies with new opportunities to raise capital and offer more flexible terms. In conclusion, this research shed light on the multifaceted barriers that (SMEs) faced in accessing financing. By comprehensively examining these dimensions, policymakers, financial institutions, and entrepreneurs could develop effective strategies to overcome these challenges and foster a more conducive environment for (SMEs) to thrive and contribute to economic growth.This study proposed recommendations for addressing the barriers that hindered the access of Small and Medium-Sized businesses to production financing. The key recommendations included enhancing transparency and access to financial information, simplifying laws and improving tax transparency, implementing financial education programs to enhance financial literacy, fostering collaboration among the government, financial institutions, and industries to develop innovative financing solutions, investing in digital infrastructure and cybersecurity measures, and implementing supportive policies to reduce regional disparities. It is important to acknowledge the limitations of this research, such as its reliance on the existing literature, which may have implications for the quality and comprehensiveness of the studies reviewed. To gain a deeper understanding of financing trends and dynamics and devise appropriate interventions, it is recommended to undertake longitudinal, comparative, exploratory, and interdisciplinary research. 

The aim of this research is to study the Managers Problems of Eastern Azerbaijan Small and medium sized Enterprises. To achieve this goal, three questions were formulated. Research methodology is description and statistical community includes all Managers of Eastern Azerbaijan Province (SMEs). The sample size of this research was 172 managers which were selected using Cochran formula. The needed data was gathered through a questionnaire which its validity and reliability were measured and confirmed. For analyzing the gathered data, Ratio test or binomial test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Friedman test, were used. The research findings show the most important problems of (SMEs) managers were in six areas. The priority of these problems is: economy, market, culture, human resources, laws & regulations, and information. The results of Kruskal-Wallis test also shows there is no meaningful difference between the managers’ problems in different groups.

Small and Medium Enterprises ((SMEs)) are nowadays considered as the beating heart of economy and the powerful arm of exports in different countries. That is why these Enterprises are very important, and if they prosper and develop, there will be an increase in non-oil exports as well as in social welfare. The purpose of the present resarch is to study the organizational culture effective on Small and medium Enterprises, and to investigate the differences among the organizational culture indices within these Enterprises. The statistical population includes all the managers of Small and medium Enterprises, from among whom the sample has been taken by using stratified random sampling. In order to collect data, a questionnaire was used, and its validity and reliability were confirmed by preliminary evaluation and the experts and professors' views. In the next stage, with the use of SPSS software, the mean score for each of the organizational culture indicators was calculated. The t test was used to evaluate the difference between the scores of organizational culture in Small and medium Enterprises. Ultimately, the relationship between the dimensions of organizational culture in Small and medium Enterprises was investigated.

The purpose of present article is to design a dynamic model (DM) of financing (SMEs) according to Decision Making Trial And Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) based on Analytical Network Process (ANP) (DANP) approach. The innovation of this article is to take hybrid of DANP and DM in financing (SMEs) approach. This article has paid using different scenarios in financing (SMEs) and model simulation. The dynamic model is formulated therefore, based on previous literature and the fuzzy screening method, extracting effective factors on financing (SMEs) and causal link identified. Then it was included in the model using the DANP the relationships between them and the amount of impact coefficients are determined. Finally identify new financing methods over a 10 month period in order to test the accuracy of the model and to determine the behavior of the state and rate variables, we collected data from 24 (SMEs). The behavior of research variables analyzing by evaluated in the framework of the model as well as sensitivity analysis the validity of the DM is designed. The results showed that (SMEs) use the designed model and the scenarios can be used to finance their business optimally.